Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Chlorella -derived extracellular vesicle-based nanogels suppress cGAS-STING for treatment of radiation-induced lung injury

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-68140-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: After extracting Chlorella EVs, nanogels (RU.521-EVs NPs) loaded with both RU.521 and EVs were successfully synthesized using the ionic gelation method. RU.521-EVs NPs can inhibit the production of ROS, activate the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, alleviate lipid peroxidation, and exert mitochondrial and DNA protective effects. Additionally, RU.521-EVs NPs can inhibit the cGAS-STING pathway, reduce macrophage polarization towards M1, and exert immune regulatory effects. In summary, RU.521-EVs NPs can alleviate the inflammatory response in lung tissue after IR, prevent fibrosis, and thus effectively prevent RILI. EVs Extracellular Vesicles, Cs Chitosan, IR Ionizing Radiation, TPP Tripolyphosphate, SOD Superoxide Dismutase, and CAT Catalase. Created by Figdraw, org 196400002 (ID: SSROPed3ee).

Article Snippet: Primary antibody (cGAS, STING, p-STING, TBK1, p-TBK1, IRF3, p-IRF3, p65, Nrf2, β-actin) was bought from Cell Signaling Technology (CST), primary antibody (p-p65, Keap1, HO-1, GPx4) was bought from Proteintech, and primary antibody (NQO1) was bought from Abcam.

Techniques: Synthesized

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Chlorella -derived extracellular vesicle-based nanogels suppress cGAS-STING for treatment of radiation-induced lung injury

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-68140-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: a A schematic diagram of RNA-seq for lung tissue of RILI. Created by Figdraw, org196400002 (ID: PTTPI74d4d). b Volcano plot analyses of the total DEGs in lung tissues of healthy mice or irradiated mice for 7 days. Differential expression analysis was performed using the DESeq2 package. This was a two-sided test, and multiple testing correction was applied using the BH method. Significantly differentially expressed genes were defined as those with |log2FC | >=0 & Padjust <0.05. c KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs. Enrichment analysis was performed using the hypergeometric test, with the P-values adjusted by the default BH method. A term with an Padjust <0.05 was considered significantly enriched. d , e The expression levels of cGAS, p-STING, STING, p-TBK, TBK, p-IRF3, IRF3, and β-actin, and quantitative analysis of p-IRF3/IRF3, p-STING/STING, and p-TBK/TBK in the lung tissue at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days after IR were detected by WB ( n = 4 biologically independent animals). The samples derive from the same experiment, and those blots were processed in parallel. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test was used for comparisons among multiple groups. f Representative images of IHC staining (cGAS, p-STING, p-IRF3) of healthy and irradiated lung tissue. g The detection of dsDNA in Control and IR groups ( n = 3 independent experiments). Two-tailed unpaired t-tests were used for comparisons between two groups. h A schematic diagram of cGAS-STING pathway activated by IR. Created by Figdraw, org196400002 (ID: TUIWW381e9). i Establishment of cGAS-knockdown RAW 264.7 and MLE-12. The samples derive from the same experiment, and those blots were processed in parallel. j The expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in cGAS-knockdown RAW 264.7 were detected by ELISA ( n = 4 independent experiments). One -way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test was used for comparisons among multiple groups. k The expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in cGAS-knockdown MLE-12 were detected by ELISA ( n = 4 independent experiments). One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test was used for comparisons among multiple groups. The data show means ± SD. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: Primary antibody (cGAS, STING, p-STING, TBK1, p-TBK1, IRF3, p-IRF3, p65, Nrf2, β-actin) was bought from Cell Signaling Technology (CST), primary antibody (p-p65, Keap1, HO-1, GPx4) was bought from Proteintech, and primary antibody (NQO1) was bought from Abcam.

Techniques: RNA Sequencing, Irradiation, Quantitative Proteomics, Expressing, Immunohistochemistry, Control, Two Tailed Test, Knockdown, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Chlorella -derived extracellular vesicle-based nanogels suppress cGAS-STING for treatment of radiation-induced lung injury

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-68140-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , b DCFH-DA staining fluorescence photographs and flow cytometry analysis of BEAS-2B after corresponding treatment. c The γ-H2AX focus (green) in BEAS-2B after different treatments analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. d , e SOD and CAT activity of BEAS-2B in different groups ( n = 3 independent experiments) One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test was used for comparisons among multiple groups. f The level of lipid peroxidation in BEAS-2B was detected by MDA kit ( n = 3 independent experiments). One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test was used for comparisons among multiple groups. g , h The content of H 2 O 2 and GSH in BEAS-2B after corresponding treatment ( n = 3 independent experiments). One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test was used for comparisons among multiple groups. i – k ELISA results indicating the levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α secreted by MH-S in different groups ( n = 3 independent experiments). One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test was used for comparisons among multiple groups. l Typical scatter plots of MH-S surface markers CD86 and CD206 detected by flow cytometry. m The detection of dsDNA after corresponding treatment ( n = 3 independent experiments). One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test was used for comparisons among multiple groups. n The expression levels of cGAS, STING, p-STING, P65, p-P65, and β-actin in MH-S at 24 h after IR were detected by WB. The samples derive from the same experiment, and those blots were processed in parallel. o The expression levels of Keap1, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, GPx4 and β-actin in MH-S at 12 h after IR were detected by WB. The samples derive from the same experiment, and those blots were processed in parallel. The data show means ± SD. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: Primary antibody (cGAS, STING, p-STING, TBK1, p-TBK1, IRF3, p-IRF3, p65, Nrf2, β-actin) was bought from Cell Signaling Technology (CST), primary antibody (p-p65, Keap1, HO-1, GPx4) was bought from Proteintech, and primary antibody (NQO1) was bought from Abcam.

Techniques: Staining, Fluorescence, Flow Cytometry, Immunofluorescence, Activity Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Expressing